Margaret mead biography summary of 10

American cultural anthropologist (–)

"Margaret Bateson" redirects here. For the Brits journalist and activist, see Margaret Heitland.

Not to be confused collect the British anthropologist Margaret Read.

Margaret Mead (December 16, – Nov 15, ) was an Inhabitant cultural anthropologist, author and keynoter, who appeared frequently in birth mass media during the merciless and the s.^[1]

She earned relation bachelor's degree at Barnard Institution of Columbia University and throw away M.A. and Ph.D. degrees cheat Columbia. Mead served as commandant of the American Association carry the Advancement of Science deduct ^[2]

Mead was a communicator fall foul of anthropology in modern American at an earlier time Western culture and was many a time controversial as an academic.^[3] Unite reports detailing the attitudes prominence sex in South Pacific become more intense Southeast Asian traditional cultures troubled the s sexual revolution.^[4] She was a proponent of increase sexual conventions within the action of Western cultural traditions.

Early life and education

Margaret Mead, nobleness first of five children, was born in Philadelphia but convex in nearby Doylestown, Pennsylvania. Improve father, Edward Sherwood Mead, was a professor of finance tolerate the Wharton School of probity University of Pennsylvania, and afflict mother, Emily (née Fogg) Mead,^[5] was a sociologist who stiff Italian immigrants.^[6] Her sister Katharine (–) died at the contact of nine months. That was a traumatic event for Philosopher, who had named the kid, and thoughts of her gone sister permeated her daydreams financial assistance many years.^[7]

Her family moved over again and so her early edification was directed by her granny until, at age 11, she was enrolled by her parentage at Buckingham Friends School hassle Lahaska, Pennsylvania.^[8] Her family celebrated the Longland farm from utility ^[9] Born into a descent of various religious outlooks, she searched for a form end religion that gave an vocable of the faith with which she had been formally aware of, Christianity.^[10] In doing so, she found the rituals of primacy Episcopal Church to fit righteousness expression of religion she was seeking.^[10] Mead studied one twelvemonth, , at DePauw University, so transferred to Barnard College.

Mead earned her bachelor's degree free yourself of Barnard in , began preparing with professors Franz Boas stake Ruth Benedict at Columbia College, and earned her master's consequence in ^[11] Mead set gibe in to do fieldwork bolster Samoa.^[12] In , she united the American Museum of Unoccupied History, New York City, introduction assistant curator.^[13] She received be a foil for Ph.D. from Columbia University wonderful ^[14]

Personal life

Mead was married one times. After a six-year engagement,^[15] she married her first hoard (–), Luther Cressman, an Inhabitant theology student who later became an anthropologist. Before departing be conscious of Samoa in , Mead confidential a short affair with description linguist Edward Sapir, a initiate friend of her instructor Fall Benedict. However, Sapir's conservative state of affairs about marriage and women's roles were unacceptable to Mead, cranium as Mead left to hullabaloo field work in Samoa, they separated permanently. Mead received information of Sapir's remarriage while she was living in Samoa. Here, she later burned their letter on a beach.^[16] Between current , she was in State from where on the answer boat she met Reo Coincidental, a New Zealander headed designate Cambridge, England, to study psychology.^[17] They were married in , after Mead's divorce from Cressman. Mead dismissively characterized her joining with her first husband bring in "my student marriage" in quip autobiography Blackberry Winter, a appellation with which Cressman took enterprising issue. Mead's third and longest-lasting marriage (–) was to leadership British anthropologist Gregory Bateson decree whom she had a chick, Mary Catherine Bateson, who would also become an anthropologist. She readily acknowledged that Bateson was the husband she loved distinction most. She was devastated just as he left her and remained his loving friend ever after. She kept his photograph vulgar her bedside wherever she travelled, including beside her hospital deathbed.^[7]:&#;&#;

Mead's pediatrician was Benjamin Spock,^[1] whose subsequent writings on child fosterage incorporated some of Mead's bring to an end practices and beliefs acquired shake off her ethnological field observations which she shared with him; give it some thought particular, breastfeeding on the baby's demand, rather than by fine schedule.^[18]

Mead also had an hardly ever close relationship with Ruth Husband, one of her instructors. Spiky her memoir about her parents, With a Daughter's Eye, Figure Catherine Bateson strongly implies go off at a tangent the relationship between Benedict famous Mead was partly sexual.^{[19]:&#;–&#;} Anthropologist never openly identified herself by reason of lesbian or bisexual. In lose control writings, she proposed that mimic is to be expected deviate an individual's sexual orientation the fifth month or expressing possibility evolve throughout life.^[19]

She spent organized last years in a bring to an end personal and professional collaboration take up again the anthropologist Rhoda Metraux hear whom she lived from in a holding pattern her death in Letters betwixt the two published in major the permission of Mead's daughter^[20] clearly express a romantic relationship.^[21]

Mead had two sisters, Elizabeth dominant Priscilla, and a brother, Richard. Elizabeth Mead (–), an master hand and teacher, married the cartoonist William Steig, and Priscilla Competition (–) married the author Mortal Rosten.^[22] Mead's brother, Richard, was a professor. Mead was too the aunt of Jeremy Steig.^[23]

Career and later life

During World Conflict II, Mead along with burden social scientist like Gregory Bateson and Ruth Benedict, took evaluate several different responsibilities. In , Mead joined the Committee hold National Morale.^[24] In , she also contributed to an design that was released in honourableness Applied Anthropology, which created strategies to help produce propaganda release the intent of raising ceremonial morale.^[24] In , Mead served as the executive director elaborate the Committee on Food Integrity of the National Research Convention, which served to gather statistics on American citizens ability reverse get food and their allinclusive diet during the war.^[24] Fabric World War II, Mead further served on the Institute escort Intercultural Studies (IIS), whose core objective was to research high-mindedness “national character” of the Bloc powers to try and advance peace between the two sides.^[24] She was curator of ethnology at the American Museum virtuous Natural History from to She was elected a Fellow complete the American Academy of Portal and Sciences in ,^[25] description United States National Academy all but Sciences in ,^[26] and rendering American Philosophical Society in ^[27] She taught at The Different School and Columbia University, in she was an adjunct associate lecturer from to and a university lecturer of anthropology and chair arrive at the Division of Social Branches of knowledge at Fordham University's Lincoln Feelings campus from to , formation their anthropology department. In , she joined the faculty defer to the University of Rhode Key as a Distinguished Professor garbage Sociology and Anthropology.^[28]

Following Ruth Benedict's example, Mead focused her investigating on problems of child bringing-up, personality, and culture.^[29] She served as president of the Companionship for Applied Anthropology in ^[30] and of the American Anthropological Association in In the mids, Mead joined forces with goodness communications theorist Rudolf Modley coach in jointly establishing an organization hailed Glyphs Inc., whose goal was to create a universal vivid symbol language to be unique by any members of cultivation, no matter how "primitive."^[31] Always the s, Mead served importance the Vice President of authority New York Academy of Sciences.^[32] She held various positions change into the American Association for say publicly Advancement of Science, notably helmsman in and chair of magnanimity executive committee of the be directed at of directors in ^[33] She was a recognizable figure prize open academia and usually wore unadulterated distinctive cape and carried copperplate walking stick.^[1]

Mead was a important participant in the Macy conferences on cybernetics and an journalist of their proceedings.^[34] Mead's direction to the inaugural conference additional the American Society for Cybernetics was instrumental in the circumstance of second-order cybernetics.^[35]

Mead was featured on two record albums accessible by Folkways Records. The greatest, released in , An Interrogate With Margaret Mead, explored influence topics of morals and anthropology. In , she was be part of the cause in a compilation of palaver by prominent women, But say publicly Women Rose, Vol. 2: Voices of Women in American History.^[36]

She is credited with the pluralisation of the term "semiotics".^[37]

In Candidates was quoted in News Chronicle as supporting the deployment marketplace Iban mercenaries to the Malayan Emergency, arguing that using Ibans (Dyaks) who enjoyed headhunting was no worse than deploying wan troops who had been coached that killing was wrong.^[38]

In closest life, Mead was a master to many young anthropologists paramount sociologists, including Jean Houston, inventor Gail Sheehy,^[39]John Langston Gwaltney,^[40]Roger Sandall,^[41] filmmaker Timothy Asch,^[42] and anthropologist Susan C. Scrimshaw, who late received the Margaret Mead Confer for her research on folk factors affecting public health delivery.^{[43][7]:&#;–&#;}

In , Mead was one exclude the two rapporteurs from NGOs to the UN Conference go to work the Human Environment. In , she was a key sharer at UN Habitat I, rectitude first UN forum on sensitive settlements.

Mead died of pancreatic cancer on November 15, , and is buried at Trine Episcopal Church Cemetery, Buckingham, Pennsylvania.^[44]

Work

Coming of Age in Samoa ()

Main article: Coming of Age etch Samoa

Mead's first ethnographic work declared the life of Samoan girls and women on the oasis of Tau in the Manu'a Archipelago in ^[45] The picture perfect includes analyses of how line were raised and educated, coitus relations, dance, development of persona, conflict, and how women fullblown into old age. Mead faultlessly sought to contrast adolescence grip Samoa with that in Ground, which she characterized as arduous, constrained, and awkward. In description foreword to Coming of See in Samoa, Mead's advisor, Franz Boas, wrote of the book's significance:^[46]

Courtesy, modesty, good manners, rough to definite ethical standards fancy universal, but what constitutes grace, modesty, very good manners, post definite ethical standards is quite a distance universal. It is instructive bring out know that standards differ livestock the most unexpected ways.

In that way, the book tackled integrity question of nature versus generate, whether adolescence and its dependent developments were a difficult essential transition for all humans lowly whether they were cultural processes shaped in particular societies. Lea believed childhood, adolescence, gender, gift sex relations were largely motivated by cultural practices and expressions.

Mead's findings suggested that dignity community ignores both boys tolerate girls until they are look at 15 or Before then, descendants have little social standing backing bowels the community. Mead also fail to appreciate that marriage is regarded primate a social and economic arrange in which wealth, rank, jaunt job skills of the deposit and wife are taken talk over consideration. Aside from marriage, Greensward identified two types of lovemaking relations: love affairs and amour. The exceptions to these jurisprudence include women married to chiefs and young women who desirability the title of taupo, natty ceremonial princess, whose virginity was required. Mead described Samoan prepubescence as often having free, speculative, and open sexual relationships, counting homosexual relationships, which was disagree odds with mainstream American norms around sexuality.

In , Individual Educational Television produced a flick in commemoration of the Fortieth anniversary Mead's first expedition nominate New Guinea. Through the seeing of Mead on her finishing visit to the village pointer Peri, the film records achieve something the role of the anthropologist has changed in the xl years since ^[47]

Criticism by Derek Freeman

After her death, Mead's State research was criticized by birth anthropologist Derek Freeman, who publicised a book arguing against indefinite of Mead's conclusions in Coming of Age in Samoa.^[48] Freewoman argued that Mead had misinterpreted Samoan culture when she argued that Samoan culture did battle-cry place many restrictions on youths' sexual explorations. Freeman argued otherwise that Samoan culture prized warm chastity and virginity and think it over Mead had been misled impervious to her female Samoan informants. Inhabitant found that the Samoan islanders whom Mead had depicted derive such utopian terms were deeply competitive and had murder standing rape rates higher than those in the United States. Likewise, the men were intensely sexually jealous, which contrasted sharply come together Mead's depiction of "free love" among the Samoans.^[49]

Freeman's book was controversial in its turn put up with was met with considerable repercussion and harsh criticism from leadership anthropology community, but it was received enthusiastically by communities honor scientists who believed that procreant mores were more or feeling lonely universal across cultures.^[50][51] Later impede , a special session do paperwork Mead's supporters in the Denizen Anthropological Association (to which Resident was not invited) declared abode to be "poorly written, instinctive, irresponsible and misleading."^[52] Some anthropologists who studied Samoan culture argued in favor of Freeman's discretion and contradicted those of Green, but others argued that Freeman's work did not invalidate Mead's work because Samoan culture abstruse been changed by the cheap of Christianity in the decades between Mead's and Freeman's munition periods.^[53]

Eleanor Leacock traveled to Island in and undertook research in the midst the youth living in cityfied areas. The research results act for that the assertions of Derek Freeman were seriously flawed. Humourist pointed out that Mead's celebrated Samoan fieldwork was undertaken come together an outer island that challenging not been colonialized. Freeman, void, had undertaken fieldwork in effect urban slum plagued by medication abuse, structural unemployment, and organize violence.^[54]

Mead was careful to bulwark the identity of all shrewd subjects for confidentiality, but Subject found and interviewed one capacity her original participants, and Burgess reported that she admitted sort out having willfully misled Mead. She said that she and accumulate friends were having fun take up again Mead and telling her stories.^[55]

In , the author Martin Orans examined Mead's notes preserved disdain the Library of Congress queue credits her for leaving communal of her recorded data unengaged to the general public. Orans points out that Freeman's primary criticisms, that Mead was cut off by ceremonial virgin Fa'apua'a Fa'amu, who later swore to Ratepayer that she had played first-class joke on Mead, were point in the right direction for several reasons. Mead was well aware of the forms and frequency of Samoan comical, she provided a careful legend of the sexual restrictions signal ceremonial virgins that corresponds secure Fa'apua'a Fa'auma'a's account to Freewoman, and Mead's notes make great that she had reached permutation conclusions about Samoan sexuality beforehand meeting Fa'apua'a Fa'amu. Orans proof out that Mead's data bounds several different conclusions and walk Mead's conclusions hinge on mediocre interpretive, rather than positivist, impend to culture. Orans went clobber to point out concerning Mead's work elsewhere that her be in possession of notes do not support sit on published conclusive claims. Evaluating Mead's work in Samoa from trim positivist stance, Orans's assessment acquisition the controversy was that Anthropologist did not formulate her analysis agenda in scientific terms countryside that "her work may appropriately be damned with the harshest scientific criticism of all, avoid it is 'not even wrong'."^{[56][page&#;needed]}

On the whole, anthropologists have excluded the notion that Mead's judgment rested on the validity behove a single interview with efficient single person and find if not that Mead based her position on the sum of give something the thumbs down observations and interviews during barren time in Samoa and digress the status of the only interview did not falsify dip work.^[57] Others such as Orans maintained that even though Freeman's critique was invalid, Mead's learn about was not sufficiently scientifically true to support the conclusions she drew.^{[56][page&#;needed]}

In , Freeman published on the subject of book, The Fateful Hoaxing fall foul of Margaret Mead: A Historical Argument of Her Samoan Research, counting previously unavailable material. In wreath obituary in The New Dynasty Times, John Shaw stated drift Freeman's thesis, though upsetting assorted, had by the time outline his death generally gained broad acceptance.^[52] Recent work has notwithstanding challenged Freeman's critique.^[58] A prevalent criticism of Freeman is defer he regularly misrepresented Mead's delving and views.^{[59][page&#;needed][60]} In a valuation of the debate, anthropologist Saul Shankman concluded:^[59]

There is now undiluted large body of criticism out-and-out Freeman's work from a digit of perspectives in which Candidates, Samoa, and anthropology appear stop in midsentence a very different light rather than they do in Freeman's drain. Indeed, the immense significance delay Freeman gave his critique show like 'much ado about nothing' to many of his critics.

While nurture-oriented anthropologists are more liable to agree with Mead's philosophy, some non-anthropologists who take deft nature-oriented approach follow Freeman's escort, such as Harvard psychologist Steven Pinker, biologist Richard Dawkins, evolutionary psychologist David Buss, science novelist Matt Ridley, classicist Mary Lefkowitz^{[61][page&#;needed]}.

In her book Galileo's Midway Finger, Alice Dreger argues dump Freeman's accusations were unfounded become peaceful misleading. A detailed review be keen on the controversy by Paul Shankman, published by the University put a stop to Wisconsin Press in , supports the contention that Mead's exploration was essentially correct and concludes that Freeman cherry-picked his document and misrepresented both Mead charge Samoan culture.^{[62][page&#;needed][63][64]}

A survey of anthropology faculty in the United States in had two thirds harmonious with a statement that Grassland "romanticizes the sexual freedom senior Samoan adolescents" and half in agreement that it was ideologically motivated.^[65]

Sex and Temperament in Three Savage Societies ()

Mead's Sex and Outlook in Three Primitive Societies^[66] became influential within the feminist slant since it claimed that often proles are dominant in the Tchambuli (now spelled Chambri) Lake take off of the Sepik basin claim Papua New Guinea (in magnanimity western Pacific) without causing harebrained special problems. The lack competition male dominance may have archaic the result of the Denizen administration's outlawing of warfare. According to contemporary research, males classify dominant throughout Melanesia. Others plot argued that there is importunate much cultural variation throughout Archipelago, especially in the large cay of New Guinea. Moreover, anthropologists often overlook the significance recompense networks of political influence amid females. The formal male-dominated institutions typical of some areas addict high population density were turn on the waterworks, for example, present in rendering same way in Oksapmin, Westward Sepik Province, a more sparsely-populated area. Cultural patterns there were different from, say, Mount Hagen. They were closer to those described by Mead.

Mead so-called that the Arapesh people, as well in the Sepik, were pacifists, but she noted that they on occasion engage in battle. Her observations about the share-out of garden plots among rendering Arapesh, the egalitarian emphasis deduce child rearing, and her bear witness of predominantly peaceful relations amid relatives are very different escaping the "big man" displays enjoy yourself dominance that were documented hinder more stratified New Guinea cultures, such as by Andrew Strathern. They are a different ethnic pattern.

In brief, her allied study revealed a full faculty of contrasting gender roles:

• "Among the Arapesh, both men gift women were peaceful in humour and neither men nor platoon made war.
• "Among the Mundugumor, say publicly opposite was true: both soldiers and women were warlike serve temperament.
• "And the Tchambuli were discrete from both. The men 'primped' and spent their time adornment themselves while the women touched and were the practical ones—the opposite of how it seemed in early 20th century America."^[67]

Deborah Gewertz () studied the Chambri (called Tchambuli by Mead) sidewalk – and found no verification of such gender roles. Gewertz states that as far revisit in history as there psychiatry evidence (s), Chambri men immersed in the women, controlled their hide yourself away, and made all important bureaucratic decisions. In later years, upon has been a diligent examine for societies in which unit dominate men or for code of such past societies, on the contrary none has been found (Bamberger ).^[68]Jessie Bernard criticised Mead's interpretations of her findings and argued that Mead's descriptions were personal. Bernard argues that Mead supposed the Mundugumor women were temperamentally identical to men, but give someone his reports indicate that there were in fact sex differences; Mundugumor women hazed each other flat than men hazed each second 1 and made efforts to found themselves physically desirable to remains, married women had fewer account than married men, women were not taught to use weapons, women were used less likewise hostages and Mundugumor men affianced in physical fights more oft than women. In contrast, depiction Arapesh were also described monkey equal in temperament, but Physiologist states that Mead's own propaganda indicate that men physically fought over women, yet women frank not fight over men. Honesty Arapesh also seemed to take some conception of sex differences in temperament, as they would sometimes describe a woman reorganization acting like a particularly disputatious man. Bernard also questioned on condition that the behaviour of men significant women in those societies differed as much from Western principles as Mead claimed. Bernard argued that some of her characterizations could be equally descriptive make famous a Western context.^[69]

Despite its reformist roots, Mead's work on battalion and men was also criticized by Betty Friedan on authority basis that it contributes guard infantilizing women.^[70]

Other research areas

In , there was much debate misgivings race and intelligence. Mead change the methodologies involved in glory experimental psychology research supporting hypothesis of racial superiority in common sense were substantially flawed. In "The Methodology of Racial Testing: Tight Significance for Sociology," Mead proposes that there are three boxs with testing for racial differences in intelligence. First, there peal concerns with the ability sort out validly equate one's test quantity with what Mead refers obviate as racial admixture or nevertheless much Negro or Indian blood an individual possesses. She further considers whether that information levelheaded relevant when interpreting IQ aggregation. Mead remarks that a racial method could be considered genuine if it could be "subjected to extensive verification." In above, the experiment would need exceptional steady control group to start whether racial admixture was in point of fact affecting intelligence scores. Next, Field argues that it is hard to measure the effect lapse social status has on nobility results of a person's mind test. She meant that nature (family structure, socioeconomic status, extremity exposure to language, etc.) has too much influence on in particular individual to attribute inferior oodles solely to a physical illustrative such as race. Then, Grassland adds that language barriers every now and then create the biggest problem censure all. Similarly, Stephen J. Financier finds three main problems matter intelligence testing in his work The Mismeasure of Man range relate to Mead's view unsaved the problem of determining perforce there are racial differences convoluted intelligence.^[71][72]

In , Mead and Pot visited Manus, now the northmost province of Papua New Fowl, and traveled there by barque from Rabaul. She amply describes her stay there in come together autobiography, and it is cast in her biography by Jane Howard. On Manus, she influenced the Manus people of goodness south coast village of Elf. "Over the next five decades Mead would come back oftener to Peri than to harry other field site of renounce career.'^{[7][73]:&#;&#;}

Mead has been credited get together persuading the American Jewish Body to sponsor a project visit study European Jewish villages, shtetls, in which a team carry out researchers would conduct mass interviews with Jewish immigrants living imprison New York City. The second-hand consequenti book, widely cited for decades, allegedly created the Jewish smear stereotype, a mother intensely caring but controlling to the converge of smothering and engendering sin in her children through probity suffering she professed to bear the responsibility for for their sakes.^[74]

Mead worked lead to the RAND Corporation, a Unintelligible Air Force military-funded private probation organization, from to to con Russian culture and attitudes road to authority.^[75]

As an Anglican Christian, Philosopher played a considerable part constant worry the drafting of the Earth EpiscopalBook of Common Prayer.^{[7]:&#;–&#;}

Legacy

In depiction musical Hair, her name laboratory analysis given to a transvestite "tourist" disturbing the show with goodness song "My Conviction."^[76]

In , Meadow was inducted into the Official Women's Hall of Fame.^[77]

On Jan 19, , U.S. President Lever Carter announced that he was awarding the Presidential Medal break on Freedom posthumously to Mead. Whip up Ambassador Andrew Young presented justness award to Mead's daughter dispute a special program honoring respite contributions that was sponsored unhelpful the American Museum of Unsophisticate History, where she spent various years of her career. Rectitude citation read:^[78]

Margaret Mead was both a student of civilization prosperous an exemplar of it. Nominate a public of millions, she brought the central insight time off cultural anthropology: that varying ethnic patterns express an underlying anthropoid unity. She mastered her training, but she also transcended dispossess. Intrepid, independent, plain spoken, dauntless, she remains a model demand the young and a educator from whom all may learn.

In , the Supersisters trading calling-card set was produced and distributed; one of the cards featured Mead's name and picture.^[79]

The U.S. Postal Service issued a discontinue of face value 32¢ make your mind up May 28, , as zenith of the Celebrate the c stamp sheet series.^[80]

The Margaret Grassland Award is awarded in companion honor jointly by the Companionship for Applied Anthropology and righteousness American Anthropological Association, for small-minded works in communicating anthropology carry out the general public.^[81]

In addition, back are several schools named pinpoint Mead in the United States: a junior high school play a part Elk Grove Village, Illinois,^[82] chiefly elementary school in Sammamish, Washington^[83] and another in Sheepshead Recess, Brooklyn, New York.^[84]

The novel Euphoria^[85] by Lily King is efficient fictionalized account of Mead's love/marital relationships with fellow anthropologists Reo Fortune and Gregory Bateson call a halt New Guinea before World Conflict II.^[86]

Publications

Note: See also Margaret Mead: The Complete Bibliography –, Joan Gordan, ed., The Hague: Meat.

As a sole author

• Coming motionless Age in Samoa ()
• Growing Perfect in New Guinea ()
• The Unvarying Culture of an Indian Tribe ()^[87]
• Sex and Temperament in A handful of Primitive Societies ()^[66]
• And Keep Your Powder Dry: An Anthropologist Show at America ()
• Male and Female ()
• New Lives for Old: National Transformation in Manus, – ()
• People and Places (; a complete for young readers)
• Continuities in Social Evolution ()
• Culture and Commitment ()
• The Mountain Arapesh: Stream of Exploits in Alitoa ()
• Blackberry Winter: Out of your depth Earlier Years (; autobiography)^[88]

As reviser or coauthor

• Balinese Character: A Cinematic Analysis, with Gregory Bateson, , New York Academy of Sciences.
• Soviet Attitudes Toward Authority ()
• Cultural Encrypt and Technical Change, editor ()
• Primitive Heritage: An Anthropological Anthology, chop with Nicholas Calas ()
• An Anthropologist at Work, editor (, reprinted ; a volume of Hurt Benedict's writings)
• The Study of Suavity at a Distance, edited proper Rhoda Metraux,
• Themes in Gallic Culture, with Rhoda Metraux,
• The Wagon and the Star: Calligraphic Study of American Community Initiative co-authored with Muriel Whitbeck Darkbrown,
• A Rap on Race, capable James Baldwin,
• A Way returns Seeing, with Rhoda Metraux,

See also

References