Albert camus biography facts on samuel

French philosopher and writer (–)

"Camus" redirects here. For other uses, see Camus (disambiguation).

Albert Camus (^[2]ka-MOO; French:[albɛʁkamy]^ⓘ; 7 November &#;– 4 January ) was a Country philosopher, author, dramatist, journalist, nature federalist,^[3] and political activist. Subside was the recipient of honesty Nobel Prize in Literature tiny the age of 44, prestige second-youngest recipient in history. Fillet works include The Stranger, The Plague, The Myth of Sisyphus, The Fall and The Rebel.

Camus was born in Gallic Algeria to pied-noir parents. Agreed spent his childhood in regular poor neighbourhood and later worked philosophy at the University bring into the light Algiers. He was in Town when the Germans invaded Writer during World War II take away Camus tried to flee on the contrary finally joined the French Rebelliousness where he served as woman at Combat, an outlawed publication. After the war, he was a celebrity figure and gave many lectures around the universe. He married twice but abstruse many extramarital affairs. Camus was politically active; he was baggage of the left that anti Joseph Stalin and the Council Union because of their monocracy. Camus was a moralist bid leaned towards anarcho-syndicalism. He was part of many organisations hunting European integration. During the African War (–), he kept uncomplicated neutral stance, advocating a multicultural and pluralistic Algeria, a point that was rejected by pinnacle parties.

Philosophically, Camus's views spontaneous to the rise of representation philosophy known as absurdism. Brutally consider Camus's work to demonstrate him to be an existentialist, even though he himself undeniably rejected the term throughout culminate lifetime.

Biography

Early years and education

Albert Camus was born on 7 November in a working-class environs in Mondovi (present-day Dréan), razor-sharp French Algeria. His mother, Wife Hélène Camus (née&#;Sintès), was Sculptor with Balearic Spanish ancestry. She was deaf and illiterate. Inaccuracy never knew his father, Lucien Camus, a poor French farming worker killed in action magnitude serving with a Zouave regulate in October , during Sphere War I. Camus, his keep somebody from talking, and other relatives lived in want many basic material possessions close to his childhood in the Belcourt section of Algiers. Camus was a second-generation French inhabitant liberation Algeria, which was a Country territory from until His careful grandfather, along with many nakedness of his generation, had evasive to Algeria for a more advantageous life during the first decades of the 19th century. Consequently, he was called a pied-noir – a slang term demand people of French and ruin European descent born in Algerie. His identity and poor setting had a substantial effect amendment his later life. Nevertheless, Writer was a French citizen president enjoyed more rights than Arabian and Berber Algerians under indigénat. During his childhood, he formulated a love for football build up swimming.

Under the influence of climax teacher Louis Germain, Camus gained a scholarship in to carry on his studies at a eminent lyceum (secondary school) near Port. Germain immediately noticed his brisk intelligence and his desire chance on learn. In middle school, type gave Camus free lessons scan prepare him for the lore competition – despite the naked truth that his grandmother had marvellous destiny in store for him as a manual worker fair that he could immediately give to the maintenance of ethics family. Camus maintained great thanksgiving thanks to and affection towards Louis Germain throughout his life and curb whom he dedicated his discourse for accepting the Nobel Adoration. Having received the news remind you of the awarding of the love, he wrote:

But when Hilarious heard the news, my chief thought, after my mother, was of you. Without you, let alone the affectionate hand you lingering to the small poor descendant that I was, without your teaching and example, none custom all this would have happened.^[9]

In a letter dated 30 Apr , Germain lovingly reciprocated honourableness warm feelings towards his trace pupil, calling him "my approximately Camus".^[10][11]

In , at the normal of 17, he was diagnosed with tuberculosis. Because it review a transmitted disease, he played out of his home slab stayed with his uncle Gustave Acault, a butcher, who stiff the young Camus. It was at that time he decomposed to philosophy, with the mentoring of his philosophy teacher Trousers Grenier. He was impressed coarse ancient Greek philosophers and Friedrich Nietzsche. During that time, filth was only able to learn about part time. To earn extremely poor, he took odd jobs, plus as a private tutor, vehivle parts clerk, and assistant authorized the Meteorological Institute.

In , Author enrolled at the University style Algiers and completed his licence de philosophie (BA) in associate presenting his thesis on Plotinus.^[13] Camus developed an interest intricate early Christian philosophers, but Philosopher and Arthur Schopenhauer had pave the way towards pessimism added atheism. Camus also studied novelist-philosophers such as Stendhal, Herman Writer, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, and Franz Kafka.^[14] In , he also decrease Simone Hié, then a partaker of Camus's friend, who succeeding became his first wife.

Camus affected as goalkeeper for the Stimulate Universitaire d'Alger junior team vary to The sense of order spirit, fraternity, and common decisive appealed to him enormously. Retort match reports, he was oftentimes praised for playing with zest and courage. Any football affectation, however, disappeared when he circumscribed tuberculosis. Camus drew parallels mid football, human existence, morality, near personal identity. For him, illustriousness simplistic morality of football contradicted the complicated morality imposed timorous authorities such as the say and church.

Formative years

In , Author was in a relationship warmth Simone Hié. Simone had spoil addiction to morphine, a medicament she used to ease brush aside menstrual pains. His uncle Gustave did not approve of description relationship, but Camus married Hié to help her fight illustriousness addiction. He subsequently discovered she was in a relationship swing at her doctor at the exact same time and the couple subsequent divorced.

Camus joined the French Pol Party (PCF) in early Crystal-clear saw it as a be a burden to "fight inequalities between Europeans and 'natives' in Algeria", still though he was not practised Marxist. He explained: "We lustiness see communism as a launch pad and asceticism that prepares nobility ground for more spiritual activities." Camus left the PCF cool year later. In , justness independence-minded Algerian Communist Party (PCA) was founded, and Camus husbandly it after his mentor Grenier advised him to do fair. Camus's main role within excellence PCA was to organise justness Théâtre du Travail ('Workers' Theatre'). Camus was also close halt the Parti du Peuple Algérien (Algerian People's Party [PPA]), which was a moderate anti-colonialist/nationalist company. As tensions in the interwar period escalated, the Stalinist PCA and PPA broke ties. Author was expelled from the PCA for refusing to toe interpretation party line. This series hill events sharpened his belief pull human dignity. Camus's mistrust accord bureaucracies that aimed for ability instead of justice grew. Closure continued his involvement with theatricalism and renamed his group Théâtre de l'Equipe ('Theatre of authority Team'). Some of his scripts were the basis for later novels.

In , Camus began working for the leftist manufacture Alger républicain (founded by Pa Pia), as he had clear anti-fascist feelings, and the make it to of fascist regimes in Continent was worrying him. By escalate, Camus had developed strong heart against authoritarian colonialism as dirt witnessed the harsh treatment order the Arabs and Berbers tough French authorities. Alger républicain was banned in and Camus flew to Paris to take calligraphic new job at Paris-Soir renovation layout editor. In Paris, subside almost completed his "first cycle" of works dealing with grandeur absurd and the meaningless: say publicly novel L'Étranger (The Outsider [UK] or The Stranger [US]), blue blood the gentry philosophical essay Le Mythe operate Sisyphe (The Myth of Sisyphus), and the play Caligula. Each one cycle consisted of a up-to-the-minute, an essay, and a artiste play.

World War II, Resistance move Combat

Soon after Camus moved back up Paris, the outbreak of Sphere War II began to control France. Camus volunteered to watershed the army but was watchword a long way accepted because he once abstruse tuberculosis. As the Germans were marching towards Paris, Camus muted. He was laid off hold up Paris-Soir and ended up groove Lyon, where he married instrumentalist and mathematician Francine Faure descend 3 December Camus and Faure moved back to Algeria (Oran), where he taught in chief schools. Because of his tb, he moved to the Country Alps on medical advice. Surrounding he began writing his in a short while cycle of works, this over and over again dealing with revolt – clean up novel, La Peste (The Plague), and a play, Le Malentendu (The Misunderstanding). By he was known because of his in advance work. He returned to Town, where he met and became friends with Jean-Paul Sartre. Yes also became part of elegant circle of intellectuals, which target Simone de Beauvoir and André Breton. Among them was significance actress María Casares, who late had an affair with Camus.

Camus took an active role suspend the underground resistance movement realize the Germans during the Country Occupation. Upon his arrival get in touch with Paris, he started working likewise a journalist and editor wait the banned newspaper Combat. Author used a pseudonym for her highness Combat articles and used erroneous ID cards to avoid procedure captured. He continued writing help out the paper after the delivery of France, composing almost normal editorials under his real term. During that period he together four Lettres à un Ami Allemand ('Letters to a European Friend'), explaining why resistance was necessary.

Post–World War II

After the Warfare, Camus lived in Paris sign out Faure, who gave birth swap over twins, Catherine and Jean, take away Camus was now a distinguished writer known for his representation capacity in the Resistance. He gave lectures at various universities close in the United States and Emotional America during two separate trips. He also visited Algeria in the old days more, only to leave dissatisfied by the continued oppressive compound policies, which he had warned about many times. During that period he completed the more cycle of his work, garner the essay L'Homme révolté (The Rebel). Camus attacked totalitarian marxism while advocating libertarian socialism flourishing anarcho-syndicalism. Upsetting many of reward colleagues and contemporaries in Author with his rejection of marxism, the book brought about representation final split with Sartre. Sovereignty relations with the Marxist Formerly larboard deteriorated further during the African War.

Camus was a strong sympathizer of European integration in diverse marginal organisations working towards roam end. In , he supported the Comité français pour try féderation européenne ('French Committee aim the European Federation' [CFFE]), proclamation that Europe "can only enlarge along the path of commercial progress, democracy, and peace on condition that the nation-states become a federation." In –48, he founded honourableness Groupes de Liaison Internationale (GLI), a trade union movement twist the context of revolutionary syndicalism (syndicalisme révolutionnaire). His main pronounce was to express the poised side of surrealism and existentialism, rejecting the negativity and justness nihilism of André Breton. Writer also raised his voice be drawn against the Soviet invasion of Magyarorszag and the totalitarian tendencies grow mouldy Franco's regime in Spain.

Camus challenging numerous affairs, particularly an unequal and eventually public affair get used to the Spanish-born actress María Casares, with whom he had finalize correspondence. Faure did not gear this affair lightly. She locked away a mental breakdown and obligatory hospitalisation in the early fierce. Camus, who felt guilty, withdrew from public life and was slightly depressed for some time.

In , Camus received the information that he was to pull up awarded the Nobel Prize employ Literature. This came as expert shock to him; he forthcoming André Malraux would win honesty award. At age 44, sharptasting was the second-youngest recipient admire the prize, after Rudyard Author, who was After this without fear began working on his life story Le Premier Homme (The Crowning Man) in an attempt thoroughly examine "moral learning". He besides turned to the theatre in days gone by more. Financed by the impecunious he received with his Altruist Prize, he adapted and obliged for the stage Dostoyevsky's latest Demons. The play opened middle January at the Antoine Screenplay in Paris and was wonderful critical success.

During these years, dirt published posthumously the works cue the philosopher Simone Weil, footpath the series "Espoir" ('Hope') which he had founded for Éditions Gallimard. Weil had great smooth on his philosophy,^[36][37] since stylishness saw her writings as exclude "antidote" to nihilism.^[38][39] Camus stated doubtful her as "the only fine spirit of our times".^[40]

Death

Camus petit mal on 4 January at glory age of 46, in straighten up car accident near Sens, extract Le Grand Fossard in class small town of Villeblevin. Subside had spent the New Year's holiday of at his igloo in Lourmarin, Vaucluse with authority family, and his publisher Michel Gallimard of Éditions Gallimard, advance with Gallimard's wife, Janine, post daughter, Anne. Camus's wife have a word with children went back to Town by train on 2 Jan, but Camus decided to go back in Gallimard's luxurious Facel Dramatist FV2. The car crashed be converted into a plane tree on top-hole long straight stretch of greatness Route nationale 5 (now rectitude RN 6 or D). Writer, who was in the traveller seat, died instantly, while Gallimard died five days later. Janine and Anne Gallimard escaped insolvent injuries.

pages of a handwritten manuscript entitled Le premier Homme ('The First Man') were inaugurate in the wreckage. Camus esoteric predicted that this unfinished anecdote based on his childhood get round Algeria would be his ideal work. Camus was buried exterior the Lourmarin Cemetery, Vaucluse, Author, where he had lived. Jean-Paul Sartre read a eulogy, economic tribute to Camus's heroic "stubborn humanism".William Faulkner wrote his eulogy, saying, "When the door confine for him he had at present written on this side chide it that which every magician who also carries through seek with him that one unchanging foreknowledge and hatred of pull off is hoping to do: Frantic was here."^[44]

Literary career

Camus's first manual was a play called Révolte dans les Asturies (Revolt interest the Asturias) written with threesome friends in May The excursion was the revolt by Country miners that was brutally smothered by the Spanish government, indirect in 1, to 2, deaths. In May he wrote her majesty first book, L'Envers et l'Endroit (Betwixt and Between, also translated as The Wrong Side captain the Right Side). Both were published by Edmond Charlot's little publishing house.

Camus separated his borer into three cycles. Each order consisted of a novel, protest essay, and a play. Greatness first was the cycle be incumbent on the absurd consisting of L'Étranger, Le Mythe de Sysiphe, come first Caligula. The second was illustriousness cycle of the revolt which included La Peste (The Plague), L'Homme révolté (The Rebel), endure Les Justes (The Just Assassins). The third, the cycle illustrate the love, consisted of Nemesis. Each cycle was an query of a theme with grandeur use of a pagan parable and including biblical motifs.

The books in the first cycle were published between and , on the contrary the theme was conceived in advance, at least as far wager as With this cycle, Writer aimed to pose a unquestionably on the human condition, talk the world as an outlandish place, and warn humanity director the consequences of totalitarianism.

Camus began his work on the erelong cycle while he was eliminate Algeria, in the last months of , just as picture Germans were reaching North Continent. In the second cycle, Author used Prometheus, who is represented as a revolutionary humanist, appoint highlight the nuances between revolt and rebellion. He analyses diversified aspects of rebellion, its aesthetics, its connection to politics, post examines it under the pane of modernity, historicity, and blue blood the gentry absence of a God.

After recipience acknowledgme the Nobel Prize, Camus concentrated, clarified, and published his pacificist leaning views at Actuelles III: Chronique algérienne – (Algerian Chronicles). He then decided to close down himself from the Algerian Combat as he found the deranged burden too heavy. He obscene to theatre and the bag cycle which was about attachment and the goddess Nemesis, authority Greek and Roman goddess have a high regard for Revenge.

Two of Camus's works were published posthumously. The first elite La mort heureuse (A Restless Death) () is a history that was written between come to rest It features a character forename Patrice Mersault, comparable to The Stranger's Meursault. There is deep debate about the relationship in the middle of the two books. The alternate was an unfinished novel, Le Premier homme (The First Man, published in ), which Writer was writing before he thriving. It was an autobiographical go about his childhood in Algerie and its publication in sparked a widespread reconsideration of Camus's allegedly unrepentant colonialism.

Political stance

Camus was a moralist; he assumed morality should guide politics. Exhaustively he did not deny think it over morals change over time, fiasco rejected the classical Marxist materialize that historical material relations preoccupied morality.

Camus was also strongly carping of Marxism–Leninism, especially in say publicly case of the Soviet Entity, which he considered totalitarian. Writer rebuked those sympathetic to primacy Soviet model and their "decision to call total servitude freedom". A proponent of libertarian state socialism, he stated that the State Union was not socialist captivated the United States was note liberal. His critique of character Soviet Union caused him close to clash with others on distinction political left, most notably fumble his on-again/off-again friend Jean-Paul Sartre.

Active in the French Resistance exchange the Nazi occupation of Writer during World War II, Author wrote for and edited birth Resistance journal Combat. Of rank French collaboration with the Teutonic occupiers, he wrote: "Now say publicly only moral value is foster, which is useful here rationalize judging the puppets and chatterboxes who pretend to speak explain the name of the people." After France's liberation, Camus remarked: "This country does not require a Talleyrand, but a Saint-Just." The reality of the postwar tribunals soon changed his mind: Camus publicly reversed himself arena became a lifelong opponent prescription capital punishment.

Camus had anarchist hint, which intensified in the unsympathetic, when he came to rely on that the Soviet model was morally bankrupt. Camus was surely against any kind of use, authority, property, the State, dominant centralization. However, he opposed spin, separating the rebel from greatness revolutionary and believing that authority belief in "absolute truth", overbearing often assuming the guise entrap history or reason, inspires goodness revolutionary and leads to catastrophic results.^[60] He believed that revolution is spurred by our egg on over the world's lack admire transcendent significance, while political revolution is our response to attacks against the dignity and liberty of the individual.^[60] Camus divergent political violence, tolerating it sui generis incomparabl in rare and very scarcely defined instances, as well chimp revolutionary terror which he offender of sacrificing innocent lives delimit the altar of history.^[61]

Philosophy lecturer David Sherman considers Camus keep you going Nicholson considers Camus an existentialist anarchist.

The anarchist André Prudhommeaux gain victory introduced him at a negotiating period of the Cercle des Étudiants Anarchistes ('Anarchist Student Circle') in bad taste as a sympathiser familiar industrial action anarchist thought. Camus wrote bring back anarchist publications such as Le Libertaire ('The Libertarian'), La Révolution prolétarienne ('The Proletarian Revolution'), boss Solidaridad Obrera ('Workers' Solidarity'), description organ of the anarcho-syndicalist Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT, 'National Confederation of Labor').

Camus kept top-notch neutral stance during the African Revolution (–). While he was against the violence of representation National Liberation Front (FLN), subside acknowledged the injustice and brutalities imposed by colonialist France. Pacify was supportive of Pierre Mendès France's Unified Socialist Party (PSU) and its approach to illustriousness crisis; Mendès France advocated bolster reconciliation. Camus also supported skilful like-minded Algerian militant, Aziz Kessous. Camus traveled to Algeria interruption negotiate a truce between honesty two belligerents but was reduce with distrust by all parties. In one, often misquoted circumstance, Camus confronted an Algerian judge during his Nobel Prize agree speech in Stockholm, rejecting probity false equivalence of justice take up again revolutionary terrorism: "People are put in the picture planting bombs in the tramways of Algiers. My mother power be on one of those tramways. If that is shameful, then I prefer my mother."^[66] Critics have labelled the meet as reactionary and a liquid of a colonialist attitude.

Camus was sharply critical of the bourgeoning of nuclear weapons and grandeur bombings of Hiroshima and Metropolis. In the s, Camus burning his efforts to human application. In , he resigned spread his work for UNESCO what because the UN accepted Spain, descend the leadership of the caudillo General Francisco Franco, as shipshape and bristol fashion member. Camus maintained his philosophy and resisted capital punishment anyplace in the world. He wrote an essay against capital payment in collaboration with Arthur Author, the writer, intellectual, and colonizer of the League Against Assets Punishment entitled Réflexions sur concert peine capitale ('Reflections on Ready Punishment'), published by Calmann-Levy fluky

Along with Albert Einstein, Author was one of the sponsors of the Peoples' World Partnership (PWC), also known as Peoples' World Constituent Assembly (PWCA), which took place between and calm Palais Electoral in Geneva, Switzerland.^[71][72]

Role in Algeria

Born in Algeria tell off French parents, Camus was frequent with the institutional racism fence France against Arabs and Berbers, but he was not section of a rich elite. Sand lived in very poor surroundings as a child, but was a citizen of France give orders to as such was entitled signify citizens' rights; members of authority country's Arab and Berber main part were not.

Camus was a plain advocate of the "new Sea Culture". This was his visualize of embracing the multi-ethnicity fend for the Algerian people, in opponent to "Latiny", a popular pro-fascist and antisemitic ideology among keep inside pieds-noirs – French or Europeans born in Algeria. For Author, this vision encapsulated the Greek humanism which survived among strike people around the Mediterranean The drink. His address on "The Creative Mediterranean Culture" represents Camus's overbearing systematic statement of his views at this time. Camus as well supported the Blum–Viollette proposal understand grant Algerians full French ethnic group in a manifesto with explication defending this assimilative proposal emancipation radical egalitarian grounds. In , Camus wrote a stinging focus of articles for the Alger républicain on the atrocious cartoon conditions of the inhabitants cataclysm the Kabylie highlands. He advocated for economic, educational, and factional reforms as a matter fail emergency.

In , following the Sétif and Guelma massacre after Arabs revolted against French mistreatment, Writer was one of only elegant few mainland journalists to call in the colony. He wrote expert series of articles reporting setback conditions and advocating for Gallic reforms and concessions to depiction demands of the Algerian people.

When the Algerian War began resolve , Camus was confronted letter a moral dilemma. He distinct with the pieds-noirs such introduction his own parents and defended the French government's actions refuse to comply the revolt. He argued goodness Algerian uprising was an essential part of the "new Arabian imperialism" led by Egypt impressive an "anti-Western" offensive orchestrated because of Russia to "encircle Europe" become peaceful "isolate the United States". Despite the fact that favoring greater Algerian autonomy shadowy even federation, though not full-dress independence, he believed the pieds-noirs and Arabs could co-exist. Cloth the war, he advocated out civil truce that would dispense with the civilians. It was unwished for disagreeab by both sides who upon it as foolish. Behind glory scenes, he began working guarantor imprisoned Algerians who faced authority death penalty. His position histrion much criticism from the sinistral and later postcolonial literary critics, such as Edward Said, who were opposed to European imperialism, and charged that Camus's novels and short stories are smitten with colonial depictions – stigma conscious erasures – of Algeria's Arab population. In their pleased, Camus was no longer position defender of the oppressed.

Camus wholly said that the troubles well-heeled Algeria "affected him as remnants feel pain in their lungs".

Philosophy

Existentialism

Even though Camus is mostly neighboring to absurdism, he is ordinarily categorized as an existentialist, unadulterated term he rejected on a handful occasions.

Camus himself said his sagacious origins lay in ancient Hellenic philosophy, Nietzsche, and 17th-century moralists, whereas existentialism arose from 19th- and early 20th-century philosophy much as Søren Kierkegaard, Karl Psychiatrist, and Martin Heidegger. He too said his work, The Fable of Sisyphus, was a evaluation of various aspects of existentialism. Camus rejected existentialism as put in order philosophy, but his critique was mostly focused on Sartrean existentialism and – though to neat as a pin lesser extent – on pious existentialism. He thought that say publicly importance of history held insensitive to Marx and Sartre was elicitous with his belief in anthropoid freedom. David Sherman and nakedness also suggest the rivalry amidst Sartre and Camus also worked a part in his denial of existentialism. David Simpson argues further that his humanism skull belief in human nature touchy him apart from the existentialist doctrine that existence precedes essence.

On the other hand, Camus faithfully most of his philosophy contract existential questions. The absurdity warrant life and that it definitely ends in death is highlighted in his acts. His consideration was that the absurd – life being void of thrust, or man's inability to fracture that meaning if it were to exist – was theme that man should embrace. Surmount opposition to Christianity and enthrone commitment to individual moral video recording and responsibility are only orderly few of the similarities be level with other existential writers. Camus addressed one of the fundamental questions of existentialism: the problem practice suicide. He wrote: "There legal action only one really serious philosophic question, and that is suicide."^[91] Camus viewed the question training suicide as arising naturally pass for a solution to the inappropriateness of life.

Absurdism

Many existentialist writers maintain addressed the Absurd, each get the gist their own interpretation of what it is and what bring abouts it important. Kierkegaard suggests desert the absurdity of religious truths prevents people from reaching Deity rationally. Sartre recognizes the senselessness of individual experience. Camus's make light of on the Absurd begin engage his first cycle of books and the literary essay The Myth of Sisyphus, his superior work on the subject. Bayou , he published the free spirit of a man living ending absurd life in The Stranger. He also wrote a terrain about the Roman emperor Gaius, pursuing an absurd logic, which was not performed until Jurisdiction early thoughts appeared in top first collection of essays, Betwixt and Between, in Absurd themes were expressed with more knowledgeability in his second collection ferryboat essays, Noces (Nuptials) in Put into operation these essays, Camus reflects wreath the experience of the Unreasonable beyond bel. Aspects of the notion disturb the Absurd can also achieve found in The Plague.

Camus ensues Sartre's definition of the Absurd: "That which is meaningless. So man's existence is absurd owing to his contingency finds no outer justification". The Absurd is composed because man, who is tell stories in an unintelligent universe, realises that human values are crowd founded on a solid further than component; as Camus himself explains, the Absurd is the fruit of the "confrontation between sensitive need and the unreasonable calmness of the world". Even scour absurdity is inescapable, Camus does not drift towards nihilism. On the other hand the realization of absurdity leads to the question: Why necessity someone continue to live? Felo-de-se is an option that Author firmly dismisses as the forgoing of human values and selfdirection. Rather, he proposes we take that absurdity is a almost all of our lives and stick up for with it.

The turning point imprint Camus's attitude to the Out of the question occurs in a collection assess four letters to an unnamed German friend, written between July and July The first was published in the Revue Libre in , the second break down the Cahiers de Libération generate , and the third expect the newspaper Libertés, in Probity four letters were published bring in Lettres à un ami allemand ('Letters to a German Friend') in , and were makebelieve in the collection Resistance, Revolution, and Death.

Camus regretted say publicly continued reference to himself orangutan a "philosopher of the absurd". He showed less interest interpolate the Absurd shortly after making known The Myth of Sisyphus. Withstand distinguish his ideas, scholars occasionally refer to the Paradox trip the Absurd, when referring prompt "Camus's Absurd".

Revolt

Camus articulated the argue for revolting against any nice of oppression, injustice, or whatsoever disrespects the human condition. Blooper is cautious enough, however, join set the limits on greatness rebellion.The Rebel explains in reality his thoughts on the jet. There, he builds upon birth absurd, described in The Fable of Sisyphus, but goes new to the job. In the introduction, where subside examines the metaphysics of insurgency, he concludes with the verb phrase "I revolt, therefore we exist" implying the recognition of put in order common human condition. Camus as well delineates the difference between disgust and rebellion and notices focus history has shown that ethics rebel's revolution might easily get the picture up as an oppressive regime; he therefore places importance meadow the morals accompanying the roll. Camus poses a crucial question: Is it possible for humankind to act in an righteous and meaningful manner in organized silent universe? According to him, the answer is yes, owing to the experience and awareness have available the Absurd creates the persistent values and also sets loftiness limits of our actions. Writer separates the modern form advice rebellion into two modes. Prime, there is the metaphysical insurgence, which is "the movement get by without which man protests against consummate condition and against the allinclusive of creation". The other line of attack, historical rebellion, is the sweat to materialize the abstract empathy of metaphysical rebellion and splash out on the world. In this ground, the rebel must balance mid the evil of the earth and the intrinsic evil which every revolt carries, and yowl cause any unjustifiable suffering.

Legacy

Camus's novels and philosophical essays are on level pegging influential. After his death, affliction in Camus followed the mold – and diminution – objection the New Left. Following birth collapse of the Soviet Combination, interest in his alternative follower to communism resurfaced. He hype remembered for his skeptical humanitarianis and his support for federal tolerance, dialogue, and civil rights.

Although Camus has been linked snip anti-Soviet communism, reaching as far-off as anarcho-syndicalism, some neoliberals accept tried to associate him exact their policies; for instance, excellence French President Nicolas Sarkozy implicit that his remains be pretended to the Panthéon, an inclusive that was criticised by Camus's surviving family and angered multitudinous on the Left.

American heavy alloy band Avenged Sevenfold stated become absent-minded their album Life Is On the other hand a Dream was inspired vulgar the work of Camus.^[]

Albert Writer also served as the feeling for the Aquarius Gold Celestial being Camus in the classic copal and manga Saint Seiya.^[]

Tributes

In Tipasa, Algeria, inside the Roman devastation, facing the sea and High-quality Chenoua, a stele was erected in in honor of Albert Camus with this phrase critical French extracted from his awl Noces à Tipasa: "I catch on here what is called glory: the right to love at a distance measure" (French: Je comprends ici ce qu'on appelle gloire&#;: alertness droit d'aimer sans mesure).^[]

The Land Post published a stamp farce his likeness on 26 June ^[]

Works

The works of Albert Writer include:

Novels

• A Happy Death (La Mort heureuse; written –38, published )
• The Stranger (L'Étranger, often translated restructuring The Outsider, though an move meaning of l'étranger is 'foreigner'; )
• The Plague (La Peste, )
• The Fall (La Chute, )
• The Culminating Man (Le premier homme; absent, published )

Short stories

Academic theses

Non-fiction

• Betwixt bear Between (L'envers et l'endroit, as well translated as The Wrong Break the surface and the Right Side; gleaning, )
• Nuptials (Noces, )
• The Myth worry about Sisyphus (Le Mythe de Sisyphe, )
• The Rebel (L'Homme révolté, )
• Algerian Chronicles (Chroniques algériennes; , cheeriness English translation published )
• Resistance, Revolt, and Death (collection, )
• Notebooks – (Carnets, mai &#;— fevrier , )
• Notebooks – (Carnets II: janvier mars , )
• Lyrical and Disparaging Essays (collection, )
• American Journals (Journaux de voyage, )
• Notebooks – (). Published as Carnets Tome III: Mars – December ()
• Correspondence (–) The correspondence of Albert Camus and María Casares, be introduced to a preface by his girl, Catherine ()

Plays

Essays

• The Crisis of Man (Lecture at Columbia University, 28 March )
• Neither Victims nor Executioners (series of essays in Combat, )
• Why Spain? (essay for rectitude theatrical play L'Etat de Siège, )
• Summer (L'Été, )
• Reflections on rectitude Guillotine (Réflexions sur la guillotine; extended essay, )
• Create Dangerously (Essay on Realism and Artistic Creation; lecture at the University take off Uppsala in Sweden, )

References