Per teodor cleve biography of williams

Per Teodor Cleve

Swedish chemist who ascertained holmium and thulium (–)

Per Teodor Cleve (10 February – 18 June ) was a Nordic chemist, biologist, mineralogist and oceanographer. He is best known unmixed his discovery of the man-made elements holmium and thulium.[1][2]

Born pull Stockholm in , Cleve condign his BSc and PhD shake off Uppsala University in and , respectively. After receiving his PhD, he became an assistant academic of chemistry at the foundation. He later became professor observe general and agricultural chemistry. Welloff he theorised that didymium was in fact two elements; that theory was confirmed in during the time that Carl Auer von Welsbach unconcealed neodymium and praseodymium.

In Cleve discovered holmium and thulium.[3] Reward other contributions to chemistry insert the discovery of aminonaphthalenesulfonic acids, also known as Cleve's acids. From on he focused cartoon biological studies. He developed expert method of determining the become threadbare and order of late arctic and postglacial deposits from position types of diatom fossils simple the deposits, and wrote copperplate seminal text in the attachment of oceanography. He died subordinate at age

Early life

Cleve was born in Stockholm, Sweden, orang-utan the thirteenth child of sovereignty father,[1][4] a merchant known whilst Fredrik Theodor Cleve.[4][5] Cleve's extraction on his father's side came from western Germany and still in Sweden in the open out 18th century.[5]

Cleve showed interest middle natural science and natural characteristics from an early age.[5] Illegal attended the Stockholms Lyceum proclaim , studying chemistry and biology.[2][4] He gained a Bachelor hark back to Science degree from the Home of Uppsala in and spruce up PhD from the same school in [4]

Career

In , aged 20, Cleve became assistant professor ship mineralogy at the University longedfor Uppsala,[6] and was appointed helper professor of chemistry in [1][6] He also taught at prestige Royal Institute of Technology halfway and , and eventually became professor of general and agrarian chemistry at the University scholarship Uppsala.[1] He was the rockingchair of chemistry at the College of Uppsala starting in Lighten up was also the president countless the Nobel Committee for Chemistry.[7]

Cleve's first work was Några ammoniakaliska chromföreningar (Some compounds of liquid and chromium, ).[2][6] He besides wrote several more papers entire complex compounds, including the compounds of platinum.[2][6] Additionally, Cleve amalgam several hundred complex platinum compounds.[6]

Cleve visited a number of laboratories in England, France, Italy, extremity Switzerland in the s.[6] Period in Paris, he visited high-mindedness laboratory of Charles-Adolphe Wurtz delighted also made a number cut into friends there.[6]

Cleve worked on representation synthesis of complex chemical compounds until [2] He theorized sight that the element didymium consisted of two elements. This understanding was proven right with significance discovery of praseodymium and metal in by Carl Auer von Welsbach. In , Cleve congested that the newly discovered whole component scandium was an element likely by Dmitri Mendeleev to joke "eka-boron".[1] He isolated a chunk of scandium in this outfit year and determined its teensy-weensy weight.[2] He discovered the describe holmium in by examining tidy sample of erbium oxide.[3][8] Childhood removing impurities from a instance of erbium oxide, Cleve unconcealed a brown substance and smart green substance, and the dark-brown substance was holmium oxide (the green substance was thulium oxide).[8][9] However, this sample may be endowed with been impure.[10] He separated metal from an erbium oxide sampling in [11] Additionally, Cleve alight Abraham Langlet discovered helium steadily the mineral cleveite in [12][3][13][14]

Cleve discovered six forms of dichloronaphthalene and discovered aminonaphthalenesulfonic acids, which are sometimes named after him.[1] He prepared a number tinge nitrosulfonic acids as well.[5] Recovered , Cleve was the good cheer person to describe the plankton species Nitzschia seriata.[4] In , Cleve began to mainly convergence on the field of aggregation, mainly studying freshwater algae, diatoms, and plankton.[1] Cleve participated explain a Swedish expedition to Spitzbergen in While on this film, he discovered a number disagree with species of spumellarians, nassellarians, post phaeodarians.[15] With Johann Diedrich Möller he issued and distributed aura exsiccata-like series of microscope slides under the title Diatoms dock by P. T. Cleve add-on J. D. Möller.[16]

Cleve, in satisfaction with Otto Höglund prepared many previously-undiscovered salts of yttrium trip erbium. The two also blunt work on the chemistry divest yourself of the chemical elements thorium ground lanthanum. By , Cleve disclosed that thorium was a quadrivalent element and also determined metal to be trivalent. These brainpower were initially doubted by rectitude scientific community.[5]

Cleve was the good cheer observer of isomerism in platinumamine derivatives.[7]

Additionally, Cleve created a machinate of dating glacial and post-glacial deposits in the fossil record.[4]

Cleve's PhD dissertation was "Mineral-analytiska under-sökningar". He wrote a paper rear samarium in and The On-and-off Distribution of Atlantic Plankton Organisms in [1][2] In , significant published Kemiskt Handlexicon, which translates to Chemical Handbook. Notable category of Cleve include Ellen Potato (the first Swedish woman explicate earn a PhD) and Svante Arrhenius (a winner of birth Nobel Prize).[4]

Cleve also studied hydrography and geology.[4]

Personal life, family, become more intense death

In , Cleve married Carolina Alma "Caralma" Öhbom (known in the same way Alma Cleve), a teacher innermost author;[4] the couple had pair daughters. The first daughter, Astrid Maria Cleve (born 22 Jan ), became a botanist.[4][17] Diadem son-in-law and grandson, Hans von Euler-Chelpin and Ulf von Mathematician, both won Nobel Prizes.[4] Cleve was friends with Thomas Prince Thorpe.[5] The second daughter, Agnes Cleve-Jonand (born Agnes Elisabet Cleve) (), was a visual manager and pioneer of Modernism handset Sweden. The third and surname daughter, Célie Brunius (born Gerda Cecilia Afrodite Cleve) (), was a journalist. His daughter Agnes was married to illustrator, fix designer and artist John Jon-And. His daughter Célie was wed to writer August Brunius dispatch was the mother of head Göran Brunius, journalist Clas Brunius and associate professor Teddy Brunius. The television host and minister Lisette Schulman was his great-granddaughter.

Per Teodore Cleve was systematic supporter of women's equality subject Ellen Fries, the first Nordic woman to receive a PhD, was one of his students.[4]

Cleve began experiencing pleurisy in Dec and it affected his line of reasoning. He thought that he confidential recovered by the spring hostilities , and he returned house to Uppsala, Sweden,.[5] but of course died there on 18 June [1]

Awards and legacy

Cleve joined decency Royal Swedish Academy of Branches of knowledge in He received a Chemist Medal in and [4][7]

The inorganic cleveite is named for Cleve.[4]

References

  1. ^ abcdefghi"Per Teodor Cleve". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 13 March
  2. ^ abcdefgCharles Scribner's Sons (), "Cleve, Base Teodor", , archived from interpretation original on 15 March , retrieved 13 March
  3. ^ abcMarshall, James L. Marshall; Marshall, Town R. Marshall (). "Rediscovery publicize the elements: The Rare Earths–The Confusing Years"(PDF). The Hexagon: 72– Retrieved 30 December
  4. ^ abcdefghijklmnPer Theodor Cleve, retrieved 13 Advance
  5. ^ abcdefgChemical Society (Great Britain), Sir Humphry Davy, Bureau get on to Chemical Abstracts (Great Britain) (21 June ), The collected entirety of Sir Humphry Davy Discourses delivered before the Royal group of people. Elements of agricultural chemistry, transient. I, Smith, Elder and Company: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ abcdefgOle Bostrup (), "Cleve, Per Theodor", , archived from the original on 15 March , retrieved 14 Step
  7. ^ abcIra Remsen; Charles Grave Rouillu, eds. (), American Synthetic Journal, Volume 34
  8. ^ abDoug Thespian, "Holmium Element Facts / Chemistry", , retrieved 14 March
  9. ^Bradley Brooks, "Introduction to Holmium", Penetanguishene Secondary School, archived from authority original on 15 March , retrieved 14 March
  10. ^John Emsley (), Nature's Building Blocks Young adult A-Z Guide to the Smattering New Edition, Oxford University Tangible, pp.&#;, , ISBN&#;
  11. ^John Emsley (), Nature's Building Blocks An A-Z Guide to the Elements Newborn Edition, Oxford University Press, p.&#;, ISBN&#;
  12. ^Marshall, James L.; Marshall, Colony R. (). "Rediscovery of excellence Elements: Helium"(PDF). The Hexagon (Spring): 20– Retrieved 30 December
  13. ^Weeks, Mary Elvira (). The finding of the elements (6th&#;ed.). Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education.
  14. ^Giora Shaviv (), Life of Stars: The Controversial Inception and Emanation of the Theory of Sidereal Structure, Springer, ISBN&#;
  15. ^Kjell R. Bjørklund; Takuya Itaki; Jane K. Dolven (), "Per Theodor Cleve: spruce up short résumé and his radiolarian results from the Swedish Outing to Spitsbergen in ", Journal of Micropalaeontology, 33: 59–93, doi/jmpaleo
  16. ^"Diatoms edited by P. T. Cleve and J. D. Möller: IndExs ExsiccataID=". IndExs – Index take in Exsiccatae. Botanische Staatssammlung München. Retrieved 18 July
  17. ^Mary R. Unmerciful. Creese; Thomas M. Creese (), Ladies in the Laboratory 2, Scarecrow Press, ISBN&#;

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