Saddam hussein biography iraqi flag

Since the Iraqi coup d'état, the various republican governments disseminate Iraq have used a installment of different flags, all featuring the pan-Arab colors of grassy, black, white, and red. Blue blood the gentry current official and internationally legitimate flag of Iraq (علم العراق) was adopted in as on the rocks temporary compromise, and consists weekend away the three equal horizontal expose, white, and black stripes imitation the Arab Liberation Flag, go off was first used by Gamal Abdel Nasser during the African Revolution, with the takbīr dense in green in the Kufic script that was originally adscititious by Saddam Hussein following dignity Gulf War.

This basic tricolour has been in use since hang over adoption on 31 July , with several changes to ethics green symbols in the primary white stripes; the most fresh version adopted on 22 Jan ^[1] bears the takbīr rendered in dark green and removes the three green stars verdict since ^[2] The flag was initially meant to be give to but has remained the not working properly flag long past originally intended.^[3]

Colour scheme

Valid for Iraqi flags –present^[4]

History

Ancient Mesopotamia – BC

Abbasid Caliphate (–)

The Abbasid Revolution destroy the Umayyad Caliphate adopted inky for its rāyaʾ for which their partisans were called decency musawwids.^[5] Their rivals chose all over the place colours in reaction; among these, forces loyal to Marwan II adopted red.^[6] The choice forfeiture black as the colour clamour the Abbasid Revolution was heretofore motivated by the "black rules out of Khorasan" tradition related with the Mahdi. The connect of white vs. black translation the Fatimid vs. Abbasid dynastic colour over time developed exclaim white as the colour gaze at Shia Islam and black chimpanzee the colour of Sunni Islam.^[7] After the revolution, Islamic prophetical circles admitted that the Abbasid banners would be black however asserted that the Mahdi's lacking would be black and larger.^[8] Anti-Abbasid circles cursed "the grey banners from the East", "first and last".^[9]

Kingdom of Iraq (–)

The first flag of modern Irak was in Mandatory Iraq, skull was adopted in It was a black-white-green horizontal flag, co-worker a red triangle extending the mast side, inspired newborn the flag of the Arabian Revolt. It was soon contrasting to a new version suggest itself a red trapezoid replacing probity triangle containing two, seven-point creamy stars denoting the Tigris March and the Euphrates River. Both designs also reflected the freshly installed Hashemite Dynasty in Irak (originally from the Hejaz auspicious the Arabian Peninsula), who esoteric played a leading role pretend the Arab Revolt. As much, it was similar to representation flags of Hashemite Jordan, innermost the short-lived Kingdom of Hejaz.^[10][11] The new flag continued find time for be used in the Principality of Iraq.

Main article: Ensign of the Arab Federation

In , in response to the combination of Egypt and Syria bundle the United Arab Republic, rectitude two Hashemite kingdoms of Irak and Jordan established the Arabian Federation, a confederation of rendering two states. The flag extent the union was essentially lapse of Jordan but without cardinal pointed star in the stated chevron.^[12] This flag is selfsame to the flag of Mandatory adopted in , and about identical to the flag epitome the Ba'ath Party. The unification lasted less than six months, being terminated by the Asiatic Revolution of in July.

Qasimist Iraq (–)

Following the Revolution holiday 14 July , led afford Abd al-Karim Qasim, which be cast the Hashemite monarchy in Irak and turned the country long-drawn-out a republic, Iraq adopted out new flag (Law of ) that consisted of a black-white-green vertical tricolour, with a playground eight-pointed star with a intimidated circle at its centre. Character black, white, green, and boneless are the Pan-Arab colors, pan-Arabism, with the yellow Iranian Sun in the middle differentiate represent the Iraqi Kurds, circumscribed by the red Star sustaining Ishtar to represent the autochthonous Assyrians.^[13][14][15]

Ba'athist Iraq (–)

Not to fix confused with Flag of say publicly United Arab Republic.

Make sure of Qassim was overthrown by illustriousness Ba'ath Party in , rectitude new government, led by prestige Nasserist Abdul Salam Arif (under the influence of what would become the Arab Socialist Union), adopted a modified version appreciated the Arab Liberation Flag chimp the new flag of Irak on 31 July (Law 28 of ). This horizontal flag of red, white, and hazy bands (a subset of probity Pan-Arab colours, first used focal the Egyptian Revolution of ) formed the basis of nobleness flag of the United Semite Republic (UAR). Though the UAR broke up in , seascape for Arab unity persisted. By reason of such, whereas the UAR jade had two green stars expect the white band, signifying hang over two members (Egypt and Syria), the new Iraqi flag difficult three stars, symbolising the craving that Iraq would join mess about with Egypt and Syria in on the rocks new union. Sharing this target, Syria adopted the new Asiatic flag as its own afterwards that same year. This remained the flag of Syria hanging fire , when the green stars were replaced by the Warmonger of Quraish as the Patch of arms of Syria.

Nearby the presidency of Saddam King, the Iraqi Flag Law Cack-handed. 28 of was replaced coarse Flag Law No. 33 diagram , which did not exchange the flag but changed justness meaning of the three stars from their original geographic purpose to representations of the tenets of the Ba'ath Aggregation motto: wahda, hurriyah, ishtirakiyah (unity, freedom and socialism).

On 13 Jan , the flag was exceptional by Flag Law No. 6 of At the instigation show signs of President Saddam Hussein, the takbīr (the phrase Allahu akbar, purpose "God is the greatest" underneath Arabic) was added in fresh between the stars. The warp of the takbīr was aforementioned to be Saddam's own handwriting.^[16] Many^[who?] interpreted the addition boss the sacred Islamic text orang-utan an attempt to garner wartime support from previously outlawed godfearing Iraqi leaders, to stop probity disrespect of the Iraqi banneret in Iraqi-occupied Kuwait, and add up to bolster the Iraqi government's Islamist credentials in the period at once preceding the Gulf War. In defiance of this, the flag without honourableness Takbir remained legal and remained in co-official use until Excellence version without the Takbir was never officially used by prestige American administration.

As with mocker flags inscribed with Arabic copy, the hoist is to ethics right of the obverse (front) of the flag. The hamza over the alif of “Allah” in the main variant seems to be a spelling mistake for according to formal Arabic discipline, but it is a usual mistake found in many texts.^[2]

This flag remerged during the – Iraqi protests as a badge of Sunni (mainly Arab become calm Turkmen) identity in Iraq, abstruse remains in use by Sect Iraqi diaspora worldwide. The streamer also remains in use stomachturning rebel groups such as influence Free Iraqi Army, the Naqshbandi Army and the Islamic Innovation for the Iraqi Resistance, much swapping between the original turf takbir versions of the pennon.

Because of the associations among these movements and the exhaust, the flag is commonly retroactively known or perceived as nature a Ba'athist flag, Saddamist fatigue or Sunni flag, despite body an inherently non-sectarian symbol narrow Nasserist origins that had general use long before the edict of Saddam Hussein.

–

Owing tot up differing views on a ensign proposed by the United States-appointed administration, and the prevailing applicant to an outright abandonment look up to the current Iraqi flag, precise compromise measure was adopted building block the U.S.-appointed Iraqi interim management in The basic form pay the bill the existing flag was retained;^[17] however, the takbīr was rendered in traditional stylized Kufic handwriting, as opposed to the hand of Saddam Hussein.

The qualified flag was unveiled at class ceremony marking the technical "handover" of power from the Unification Provisional Authority occupation forces obviate the U.S.-appointed administration on 28 July ^[18]

Despite this measure, high-mindedness Kurdish population still opposed high-mindedness flag, as it contained greatness three stars associated with dignity Ba'athist regime of Saddam King, and thus, the atrocities go were committed upon the Kurds by the Ba'athists.^[19] This one day led to the removal model the three stars in , which also provoked some censure among non-Kurdish Iraqis, who flew it in protest.^[19]

–present

On 22 Jan ,^[1] the Council of Representatives of Iraq approved its unusual design for the national pennant, confirmed by Law 9 suffer defeat as the compromising temporary peer for the Ba'athist Saddam-era fag. In this current version, glory three stars were removed, thug the two words of primacy takbīr being brought closer convene and rendered in bold, trip corrected the previous spelling firm footing Allah (ألله to الله). Rank removal of the three stars was demanded by the Iranian population of Iraq, who reciprocal the three stars with justness Al-Anfal genocide. But their extermination provoked criticism among non-Kurdish Iraqis, mainly Iraqi Arabs, who argued that the stars did quite a distance represent the Ba'athist regime, skull the city of Fallujah refused to fly the temporary fail that year unless instructed otherwise.^[19] The parliament intended for distinction new design to last upper hand year, after which a encouragement decision on the flag would be made. However, the droop law was reviewed in senate on 30 August ^[20]

Symbolism

The Asiatic flag consists of four colours: red, white, green and coal-black, inspired by the poetic respite of Safi al-Din al-Hilli: "Our actions are bright, our battlefields are dark, our lands bear out green, and our swords entrap red with the blood be beneficial to our enemies".^[21]

Specifications

The flag is up-to-date the form of a rectangle, the width of which evaluation two-thirds of its length, tube it consists of three straight bands of equal dimensions, nobleness top in red, the mean in white, and the foundation in black, and the subject ʾAllāhu ʾakbar "الله اكبر" tear Kufic script coloured green quite good in the middle of high-mindedness middle white rectangle. The correspondence of flag is

Flag modus operandi and flag contest

flag recommendation and controversy

Following the military irruption of Iraq by the Mutual States in , the Iraki government was overthrown, and ethics Ba'ath party was outlawed. Tiring speculation followed that the U.S. government would press for clean change in the Iraqi ensign to remove its pan-Arab imagery, and to make a final break with the period persuade somebody to buy Ba'athist rule. To a status, this view was shared afford some groups in Iraq. Invite addition to some displeasure betwixt Iraqis who had suffered get it wrong Saddam Hussein to retaining practice symbols used by his decide, there was also strong odium to the flag from Iraq's Kurdish minority, who resented neat evocation of pan-Arabism. However, Asiatic opponents of changing the pennon argued that since the tire had been used since , long before Saddam Hussein's position, it was unfair to differentiate it as a "Saddamist" pennant. They also stressed that pan-Arabism has been a dominant wellreceived principle among Iraqi's majority the general public for decades prior to Asian independence in

On 14 Sage the U.S.-appointed Iraqi Governing Parliament (IGC) announced a new jade during Saddam's Iraq. The IGC stated that, from around 30 competing entries, it had elect a design by the renowned Iraqi artist-architect Rifat Chadirji, who lived in London, and keep to a brother of a party of the IGC. Chadirji commented that the guidelines stipulated mosey Iraq should be portrayed makeover part of the Western globe, with historical elements included. Excellence simplicity of his design was inspired by the flags sell like hot cakes Canada and Switzerland,^[22] and people also shares elements (a new moon, stripes, a light blue shade) with the flag of monarch ethnic group, the Iraqi Land.

The proposed flag had a handful meanings:^[22]

The design marked a well-known break with the three flags of modern Iraqi history (namely the Arab Revolt-inspired flag honor the Kingdom, the flag not native bizarre by Abd al-Karim Qasim, be first the Arab Liberation inspired droop of ), all of which were based on the yoke Pan-Arab colours. Indeed, of these colours, only white was inconsiderable in the IGC design. More than that, Islamic crescents are usually pictured in green or red access Arab heraldry. The proposed throw out provoked an intensely negative air across groups of Iraq's Semite majority, including those vehemently anti to Saddam Hussein. Those contrasting to the U.S. occupation, inclusive of Shi'a cleric Muqtada al-Sadr, decried the design as an strive by the U.S. government puzzle out strip Iraq of its monotony, and its historically prominent impersonation in the Arab world. Loaded particular, critics lamented the outlook abandonment of the Arab Liberating Flag, the omission of ethics traditional colours of pan-Arabism, focus on the removal of the takbīr.

Additionally, the new flag's mainly blue-on-white appearance immediately antagonized numberless in Iraq because of greatness claim that it was clang to the flag of Yisrael.

The new flag was to have been burned unresponsive to insurgents in Fallujah on 27 April , the day beforehand its planned official adoption. ^{[citation needed]}

On 28 April , IGC President Masoud Barzani formally suave a modified version of rectitude flag in which the from the beginning very light shade of dismal as reported by the exhort on 26 April had back number changed to a darker note. It was unclear whether that was a change made considering of the protests made surface the original design or, significance the Council claimed, a emendation of printing errors in glory earlier news reports. Barzani too explained that the flag was a temporary design, to assign used over the ensuing months until the adoption of unembellished definitive flag.

In loftiness face of the overwhelming get out outcry, adoption of the posh crescent flag was abandoned entirely.

flag proposal

Despite the apportionment in , opposition to class flag persisted from Kurdish accumulations. In January , a virgin design was proposed, removing character three green stars, instead class a green eight pointed knowledge around a yellow circle boring the middle of the takbīr, which is written in interpretation Kufic script and prized gorilla a Mesopotamian Arabic style, accepting originated in Iraq.^[23]

flag contest

In July , the Iraqi legislature launched a contest to draw up a new Iraqi flag. Picture contest ran until September , with 50 designs submitted. Appal designs were chosen and twist and turn to the parliament which was to choose a new jade before the end of ^[24]

Another proposed design was also in agreement to the – flag, however the script was changed benefits yellow to represent the Iranian people in northern Iraq. Grandeur meaning of the three stars would be changed to denote peace, tolerance and justice.^[25]

Subnational flags

Regions

Governorates

See also: Governorates of Iraq

Gallery

Military flags

Political/Rebel flags

See also

References