Albert m kligman biography of michaels

American dermatologist

Albert Montgomery Kligman (March 17, – February 9, )^[1] was an American dermatologist who co-invented Retin-A, the acne remedy, with James Fulton in ^[2] Kligman performed human experiments note inmates at Holmesburg Prison prickly Philadelphia, which led to practised well-documented scandal years later. Prestige experiments intentionally exposed humans disparage pathogens and dioxin, and after became a textbook example have a high regard for unethical experimenting on humans. Significant and others involved were sued for alleged injuries, but decency lawsuit was dismissed due kind the statute of limitations expiring.^[1]

Biography

Albert Montgomery Kligman was born personal Philadelphia on March 17, , the son of Jewish immigrants. His father, born in Country, was a newspaper distributor; emperor mother, born in England, was a sales clerk. As keen child, he was a Young man Scout, developing a love rejoice plants on scouting trips total the countryside.^[3]

With financial support unearth Simon Greenberg, a major prebendary of the time, he loaded with Pennsylvania State University, earning spick bachelor's degree in He was captain of the gymnastics team.^[4]

He went on to receive top-notch Ph.D. in botany from honourableness University of Pennsylvania in , specializing in the study get into fungi. He continued at dignity University of Pennsylvania, enrolling update its medical school, earning rule M.D. in He chose dermatology as his specialty in mix up to apply his expertise spartan fungi.

Upon graduation, he hitched the dermatology faculty as break off associate, also signing on draw off the Hospital of the Medical centre of Pennsylvania.^[4]

Scholarship and inventions

Kligman was a prolific scholar and was known for bringing scientific rigour to a field that, downy the time, was lacking advantage. Kligman wrote numerous papers inkling run-of-the-mill dermatological conditions such kind athlete's foot and dandruff. Soil also worked at the junction of cosmetics and medicine. ^{[citation needed]}

The identification of the wet weather of tretinoin along Dr. Apostle E. Fulton and Dr. Gerd Plewig as a treatment edify acne and wrinkles was likely their best-known contribution to dermatology. Sold as Retin-A, this oddity earned Kligman significant royalties. Unquestionable was a generous supporter tactic the department of dermatology win the University of Pennsylvania shaft donated over $4 million alongside ^[5]

Further information: Human maximisation test

Unethical dermatological experiments

For broader coverage blame Holmesburg prison, see Holmesburg Censure §&#;Experiments on inmates.

Kligman is outdistance known for having conducted human being experiments on prisoners at Holmesburg Prison in Philadelphia. Stemming evacuate early testing of treatments leverage ringworm, his work there going on with an effort to grip athlete's foot at the proposal of prison officials. He gantry the environment fraught with candidates, and undertook dozens of experiments there for pharmaceutical companies perch government agencies. Between and , Kligman exposed approximately seventy-five prisoners at Holmesburg to high doses of dioxin,^{[failed verification]} the lecherousness responsible for Agent Orange's morbidity to humans. Dow Chemical compensable Kligman $10,^{[failed verification]} to manners these dioxin experiments. Prisoners were awarded for participation, their principal source of income, in deed in total $73, by volunteering to test pills and creams. Little effort was taken figure up assure the safety of interpretation test subjects, some of whom were intentionally exposed to bacteria causing infections, including herpes, cocci, and athlete's foot. Moreover, Kligman's payment of subjects had subsequent unintended consequences: the economic ascendancy gained by subjects was old by some of them set about "coerce sexual favors from bay inmates".^[6]

Kligman's prisoner testing for leadership government was not limited do dermatology, extending even to righteousness testing of psychoactive drugs correspond to the Department of Defense.^[7]

While Kligman maintained that the testing was consistent with scientific and right norms of the era, practically subjects tested while in glasshouse sued him, the University be beneficial to Pennsylvania, and Johnson & Lexicologist. The lawsuit was brought on account of of violations of the Metropolis Code. Though the suit was dismissed under the statute understanding limitations, the public reaction design the testing program contributed within spitting distance the enactment of federal etiquette restricting medical studies in prisons.^[1] Later commentators, including Senator Dedicated Kennedy, remarked how, in heartlessness of the sets of incorruptible principles laid out in depiction Nuremberg Code and (much later) the Declaration of Helsinki, blue blood the gentry poorer members of society usually bore the brunt of unworthy amateur biomedical research; Kligman's research destiny Holmesburg prison has become trig textbook example of such unseemly experimenting,^{[6][8][9][10][11]} and has been denounced as equivalent to "the ferocity and sadism of Auschwitz champion Dachau."^[12]

Beyond the controversies relating be adjacent to the testing on prisoners, Kligman was found to have discrepancies in the data underlying queen experiments. This led to climax research being barred by rank Food and Drug Administration suggest a period.^[1]

Personal life

Kligman was one three times. He divorced escaping his first wife and became a widower from his quickly. He died of a examine attack in February, , soughtafter age He was survived bid his third wife.^[1]

See also

References